While some puffers are truly piscivorous (fish eaters), the majority of freshwater pufferfish are not. Most of the commonly purchased puffers eat a diet rich in crustaceans, like shrimp, mollusks and snails. All puffers require hard foods so that their beaks don't overgrow - similar to the teeth of a pet hamster. Unfortunately, the soft flesh of a feeder fish is not going to do anything when it comes to filing down such a hard surface. However, the softness of the common feeder goldfish is not where the harm really lies.
Live Feeder Fish Transmit Disease to Freshwater Pufferfish
The live feeders that you see at your local pet store are not ordered or kept so that they can be sold as pets. While some people may purchase the common comet goldfish as a pond fish, most use them as a live feeder for another animal. And as such, they are typically housed in overcrowded, disease-ridden conditions - it's nearly impossible to keep more than a thousand fish healthy in such a small space. This means that without proper quarantine procedures, live feeder fish have the potential to wreak all kinds of fish problems on your puffer fish tank - like fungus and different types of parasites.
Feeder Goldfish aren't Nutritious for Freshwater Pufferfish
Aside from carrying a high risk for disease and parasitic infestation, feeder goldfish do not contain the right mix of fats, proteins, and other essential minerals and vitamins that your puffer needs. In fact, they're primarily composed of fatty tissue, which is definitely not healthy for any type of predatory fish on a long term basis - including Oscar's and other cichlid fish.
Live Alternatives to Feed Freshwater Pufferfish
There are plenty of other live feeders that you can use for your puffer, like crabs, snails, and shrimp. In fact, I even throw in a few feeder insects every once in a while to keep my puffers diet varied and interesting for them - I've found that most of my puffs seem to enjoy the second larval stage of the darkling beetle. However, I would still recommend quarantining any type of live aquarium residents before you offer them to your fish - you never know what kinds of pathogens you could transmit, even with something as innocent as a snail. This is especially important to do with live feeder shrimp because they are often housed with unhealthy feeder fish.
If you do need to buy your feeders from a pet store, then you will need to learn how to quarantine and treat them for parasites properly. One of only a few books specifically about keeping pufferfish, the Beginner's Guide to Keeping Freshwater Puffers, is an excellent resource for any budding hobbyist, and it includes a chapter teaching you about all the ins and outs of feeding puffers the right way.
You can check it out for completely free at http://www.freshwaterpufferfish.org
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